Urban floods and runoff pollution can be caused by rapid urbanisation and climatic changes. Urban stormwater or urban floods can significantly damage urban infrastructure and human lives. Stormwater runoff often carries pollutants, bacteria, oil, grease and toxic chemicals to low-lying areas and streams. Urban floods could disrupt emergency services, power cuts, public health risks, post-disaster emotional stress, outbreaks of infectious diseases and displacement (Hoang and Fenner, 2015).

Several management approaches can be used to enhance the effectiveness of stormwater management. Green infrastructure, stormwater conveyance systems, floodplain management, erosion control, regulation and policies, water quality management and education and awareness are some of the effective tools to manage stormwater. Factors such as land use patterns, climate change, water treatment facilities, ecology and societal aspects need to be considered while implementing stormwater management (Hadzic et al, 2019)

Green infrastructure such as rain gardens, green roofs, permeable pavement and urban wetlands can enhance the effectiveness of stormwater management. The provision of sediment runoff control measures and land use guidelines can prevent probable flood hazards. Low-impact (LID) development and low-impact urban design and development (LUDD) are cost-effective approaches to urban planning intended to minimise potential environmental impact while maintaining natural resources. Various software tools can be used to model stormwater such as DRAINS, MOUSE, SWMM and HEC-HMS.

Stormwater management practices and techniques can be used to mitigate the adverse impacts of urban flooding and improve water quality in urban areas. An integrated approach to management including technologies and software tools enables sustainable and resilient stormwater management.

Hadzic, E., Milisic, H., Jus, S. (2019) Urban stormwater management: New Techniques. New Technologies, Application and Development II

Hoang, L., and Fenner, R. A. (2015) System interactions of stormwater management using sustainable urban drainage systems and green infrastructure.