Filtration
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Coagulation and Flocculation
Colloidal particle are often found suspended in drinking water. Colloids are minerals such as silt, clays, silica, hydroxides and metallic salts and organic particles such as humic and fluvic acids, color and surfactants (SNF, 2003). Safferman (n.d.) categorised colloids in… Continue reading
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Nano Filtration
Nano filtration is a pressure driven filtration process where mixture water passes through a membrane by the application of a gravity or pressure. High removal of divalent ions (calcium, magnesium, arsenic, iron, sulphate) and low removal of monovalent ions (sodium,… Continue reading
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Membrane Bioreactor
Pressure has been increased on authorities for efficient waste water treatment with environmental consideration due to rapid growth and urbanisation (EU, 2010). Various physical, mechanical, biological and chemical methods of water treatment have been used to remove suspended solids, organic… Continue reading