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  • Technology and Education

    Information and communication technology has been used to enhance and improve educational performance of student and institutions. Internet, mobile devices, social web and personal computer are information and communication technological advancements. Economist Intelligence Unit (2008) explained the role of technology… Continue reading

  • Ozonation

    Conventional methods of water treatment don’t remove some pollutants persistent at lower concentrations in water. Xylem (2012) referred pollutants at lower concentrations in drinking water as micro pollutants and explained persistence problem or bio accumulation of micro pollutants and endocrine… Continue reading

  • Chlorination

    Water treatment systems don’t remove 100% bacteria from the waste water effluent. Bacteria and virus free water is obtained after disinfection. Chlorination is one of the most effective disinfection processes. Chlorine has a higher degree of persistence in water distribution… Continue reading

  • Coagulation and Flocculation

    Colloidal particle are often found suspended in drinking water. Colloids are minerals such as silt, clays, silica, hydroxides and metallic salts and organic particles such as humic and fluvic acids, color and surfactants (SNF, 2003). Safferman (n.d.) categorised colloids in… Continue reading

  • Adaptive Capacity and Technology

    Policies and strategies to offset climate change consequences are formulated and implemented in the adaptation process. The process involves appraisal of climatic impacts, preparation for adaptation, application of appropriate actions and evaluation of the acts (UNFCC, 2011). A number of… Continue reading

  • Bacteria and Electricity

    Microorganisms can be used to generate electricity. Electrons are generated in the chemical reaction of energy-rich substances such as carbohydrates. The generated electrons are used to produce electric current with the help of cathode and anode [Bennetto, H.P., 1990]. Study… Continue reading

  • Escherichia coli (E. coli)

    Drinking water is often contaminated with microorganisms. Common microorganisms found in drinking water are Cryptosporidium, Anabaena species, copepods, rotifers, E. coli, Rhizopus stolinifer, Naegteria fowleri, Legionella Pneumophila, Chaetomium species, Salmonella Enterica.  Coliform bacteria, part of Enterobacteriaceae family, can be found… Continue reading

  • Ion Exchange

    Ion exchange is a water treatment process to remove impurities present in the solution. Ion exchange process involves exchange of ions between the insoluble resin and the solution.  Ion exchangers and ion exchange resins containing positively or negatively charged functional… Continue reading

  • Heat Waves

    Biological adaptive capacity of human and coping mechanisms of ecosystems are affected by long term climatological changes. Technology and infrastructure are developed to prepare for projected change based on historical data. Extreme and climatic events can have severe impacts on… Continue reading

  • Health Effects of Arsenic

    Arsenic contaminated with water, food and air has several health effects and toxicological effects when inhaled and ingested. Acute exposure to arsenic may lead to severe nausea and vomiting, colicky, abdominal pain, and profuse diarrhoea. Capillary damage can be occurred… Continue reading